Master Student Strategies Multiple Choice Questions free essay sample

Which of coming up next isn't a system of an ace understudy? C a. Defining momentary objectives b. Defining long haul objectives c. Surveying your positive characteristics d. Maintaining a strategic distance from an open? disapproved of way to deal with critical thinking 2. Finishing self? revelation practices helps understudies in C a. Surveying work areas b. Surveying PC programs c. Surveying themselves as understudies/workers d. Evaluating travel schedules 3. Attributes of an ace understudy incorporate B a. a reluctance to change b. an eagerness to assume liability for activities in one’s life c. extraordinary spotlight on one’s evaluations d. inspirational disposition 4. The three tactile methods of learning talked about in class include: B a. Clear, activity, knowing b. Visual, sound-related, sensation c. Crucial, on edge, sensation d. Verbal, sound-related, sensation 5. When displaying expert understudy techniques, one may exhibit the entirety of the accompanying aside from: C a. Abstaining from â€Å"thinking outside of the box† b. Self course c. Idealism d. We will compose a custom article test on Ace Student Strategies Multiple Choice Questions or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Objective setting 6. The term â€Å"metacognition† is characterized as: C a. Finding out about articles b. Finding out about science c. Finding out about learning d. Acting without deduction 7. There are four inquiries associated with the methods of learning. They incorporate the entirety of the accompanying aside from: D a. Why? b. What c. How? d. When? 8. Solid self inspiration supports the entirety of the accompanying with the exception of: B a. Changing one’s psyche b. Disregarding objectives c. Contrasting advantages d. Mentioning help 9. When endeavoring to achieve change in one’s conduct one ought not consider: D a. Insistences b. Mentioning help from companions c. Beginning with minor changes d. Defining unreasonable objectives 10. Procedures for time the board incorporate the entirety of the accompanying with the exception of: D a. Checking business related assignments b. Setting a halting time c. Keeping up an unmistakable work area or work territory d. Delaying Valid/False Questions 11. Mental helpers may not help one in reviewing data Flase 12. There is just one way to deal with turning into a basic scholar False 13. Effective understudies should attempt to associate their learning style to their instruction and their future profession decisions. Genuine 14. Investing energy with somebody who exhibits the sorts of accomplishment techniques that you are attempting to execute is presumably not a smart thought. Bogus 15. Feeling awkward in a learning circumstance is definitely not a typical piece of the learning cycle. Bogus 16. Inspiration may come about because of explaining one’s objectives and following up on them. Genuine 17. Learning styles might be associated with study methodologies that can be utilized to enable an understudy to prevail in a course. Genuine 18. Visual learning implies one is concentrating on the sensation area of the learning styles 19. An advantage of keeping a diary during the semester is that it might permit one to expound on the associations between courses being considered. Genuine 20. With an end goal to turn into an ace understudy, one should attempt to make expectations dependent on the systems one has learned and verify whether his/her background agree with those forecasts. Genuine 21. Time is viewed as an inexhaustible asset. Bogus 22. Getting mindful of one’s specific style of delaying may not help with changing one’s conduct. Genuine 23. Realistic signs are utilized to upgrade a student’s class notes Flase Short Answers: 24. If it's not too much trouble portray four qualities of an ace understudy. Give explicit instances of how these attributes might be illustrated. Set objectives, accomplishing the objectives in the time span. Have the option to oversee time adequately. 25. Dynamic abilities are significant for ace understudies. If you don't mind clarify how one may improve his/her expertise at settling on choices throughout everyday life. By defining objectives for their self.

Factors Affecting Labor Demand-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the variables related with the work request and gracefully with regards to Australia Post. Answer: Presentation Workforce and worker improvement are the significant two pieces of any business as the whole accomplishment of a business rely upon it. In Australia improvement in labor economic situation occurred between the year 2015 to 2016 (Jobs.gov.au, 2018). During this year a solid development in work has been seen in Australian work showcase. This development is because of the improvement of low maintenance work in Australian work advertise. From June 2015 the joblessness rate in Australian started diminishing, which features the advancement on work showcase. In any case, before 2015 there was a gigantic issue in Australian work advertise as the joblessness rate was high. Official joblessness got expanded by 6.4%. This condition was improved from June 2015. This investigation manages the variables influencing work gracefully and work request with regards to Australia Post. Components influencing work Demand Presentation of web and data innovation leaves a major effect on Australian work advertise. According to the yearly report of Australia Post it has been gotten that during the monetary downturn in the year 2009 clients changed to the less expensive procedure for their correspondence. This features the fast utilization of mail as a media of correspondence. In the ongoing years, the Australian economy has been creating accordingly, huge movements from letters to email, SMS and web correspondence has been seen (Roberts Ottens, 2005). It was a major test for Australia Post to adapt up to the changing economy and innovation as different elements are related with work request. One of the main considerations is cost of the association's yield (Ehrenberg Smith, 2016). Cost of the company's yield influences the interest for a work. Increment in the cost of firms yield likewise upgrades the work interest for an association. With regards to Australia Post on the off chance that their item cost will build, at that point it will improve the work request in this association. Innovation is another huge factor that impacts work request in an association. Be that as it may, a presentation of new innovation regularly diminishes the interest for some particular kinds of work and builds the interest for different sorts of work. Australia Post has confronted the impact of developing innovation, which supplanted the utilization of letter by email (Auspost.com.au, 2018). Presentation of the innovation lessens the manual taking care of and builds the utilization of innovation. Subsequently, numerous workers who have no specialized information are supplanted by specialized specialists in Australia Post. This guarantees because of changing innovation the interest for specialized staffs become expanded in Australian business industry. Changes in the item request is an essential factor that influences the work request in an association. Be that as it may, on the off chance that the interest for an item builds, at that point the cost of this item gets expanded. Therefore, the workforces, which are related with the assembling or conveying the item, become expanded. Henceforth, the interest for the work of this specific item is expanded (De Bruecker et al., 2015). With regards to Australia Post, clients like to discuss by means of email and SMA as opposed exactly. This leads this association to employ progressively specialized specialists to improve the correspondence procedure by means of current innovation. E-replacement is the new result of Australia Post, which needs increasingly specialized specialists for its conveyance. Market cost and monetary state of a nation is another vital factor of work request. Be that as it may, on the off chance that the expense of work power is high, at that point the associations at tempt to cut the expense by diminishing the workforce in an association. Then again, in the event that the financial state of an association isn't acceptable, at that point work request gets diminished as the associations can't recruit more representatives (Ehrenberg Smith, 2016). With regards to Australia Post, work request in this association started expanding from 2015 because of the high GDP of Australia. Be that as it may, because of the high development in business industry, Australia Post has begun to enlist more work to satisfy the present market request. Components influencing work Supply Different components are related with the work flexibly in Australia. Perhaps the greatest factor is the administration strategy. It is significant for an association to follow the administration strategy to improve the work gracefully (Ehrenberg Smith, 2016). With regards to Australia Post, they have to follow The Fair Work Act 2009 strategy get a decent work flexibly in their association. As indicated by this Act, Australia Post needs to give their anxiety towards the compensation, working condition, and grants procedure to improve their work flexibly. Be that as it may, it is urgent for Australia Post to satisfy every one of these viewpoints, which drives them to get a decent gracefully of work. Macroeconomic state of a nation additionally influences the gracefully of a work. In Australia during the financial downturn, the extra cash for shoppers had been diminished subsequently, purchasers concentrated on the less expensive item and administration (Farber, 2015). In the year 2009 , because of the monetary downturn, Australia Post had confronted diminished work request in their association. Globalization is another factor that impacts work gracefully in an association. In any case, globalization upgrades the advanced availability and makes the world progressively serious (Blundell et al., 2016). In the ongoing years because of the presentation of new internet business monster, the volume of worldwide package gets expanded. Subsequently, Australia Post is attempting to receive an unmistakable methodology to develop their bundle business and streamline the center email activity process. So as to complete this procedure, work request gets expanded as this association as an appeal to enroll progressively specialized specialists to adapt up to the developing innovation. Pay is a major factor in labor gracefully (Keane Rogerson, 2015). Notwithstanding, in the year 2009, Australia had confronted high monetary downturn which drove the associations to haggle with the remuneration of work. This opposed Australia Postal to recruit talented workers to use the developing innovation during this time, subsequently, the work request was diminished. Then again, from the year 2015, the monetary condition was beginning to improve in Australia. This leads Australia Post to recruit progressively gifted representative by giving them great pay. This expanded the work gracefully in this nation. Aside from this tremendous rivalry in the worldwide market likewise expanded the work flexibly in Australia. Various sorts of workforce changes and their effect on existing and future occupation Among the various sorts of workforce transforms one of the significant changes is the passage of children of post war America in the business. Notwithstanding, this is an old age and has a lot of information and persistence to deal with a work (Omrani, Valipour Emrouznejad, 2018). Then again, passage of the ladies in the business is another sort of workforce change. Consequently, expanding pace of migration is another sort of working environment advancement that is found in the ongoing years. Aside from this section of youthful matured individuals just as kids is a pivotal kind of workforce change that can be seen in the ongoing years. People born after WW2 or millennial are powerful to upgrade the current and future activity jobs. In any case, coaching job of boomers encourages them to move their aptitude and information to the more youthful associates. This will upgrade the activity job at present and future (Sherehiy Karwowski, 2014). Then again, ladies laborers and kid laborers a re low paid. In the ongoing years, the ladies have great aptitude and they are sufficiently fit to finish an occupation. Be that as it may, numerous associations pay low to the ladies, which may diminish their work powers and ability. Then again, developing movement in Australia permits the associations to enroll progressively talented workers in their association. In this way, the compensation size of workers is low in contrast with different representatives. This will help the current occupation in Australia Post. Along these lines, enrollment of more workers likewise significant for the future occupation in this association as it will expand the gracefully of talented work. Sorts of information and data that Australia Post needs to approach guarantee that the work request and gracefully are precisely comprehended Australia Post needs to survey the GDP of Australia as dependent on which they can comprehend the progression of work gracefully and pace of the work request. It is significant for an association to follow the vital human asset the executives to comprehend the interest and flexibly of workforces (Nankervis, Compton Baird, 2008). In Australia the GDP was $251,716 million in the year 2017, which guarantees the high GDP of this nation. In this way, Australia has positioned eleventh situation among the 49 nations those have high GDP. Then again, GNP or gross national pay in Australia was 194383.36 AUD million in the year 2017. From this information, Australia Post can guarantee that the joblessness rate is low in this nation and work request is high. High pace of GNP features expanded work request and flexibly (Khosla et al., 2011).NNP or net national item NNP of Australia was 432308 aud million, which is high. Presentation of NPP is another installment structure of Australian economy (S tone, 2010). This will give a stage to Australia Post to complete quick and information rich installments while overseeing partners. This empowers this association to move cash to their clients rapidly. To actualize this procedure such association needs progressively specialized workforce. Thus, by utilizing the above data Australia Post will have the option to comprehend the interest and flexibly of work in this nation End The bit of work features various variables that are related with work request and flexibly in Australia. In any case, it has been discovered that innovation, monetary factor, item request and government polic

In which I am a bad example

In which I am a bad example I walked through the front door of my local Barnes and Noble today and was immediately confronted by a colossal display for the Twilight series. A thirtysomething dad was scrutinizing a copy of the fourth book Breaking Bloodless NightRaven, or something like that. Whatever its called, it was halfway through that book when I finally couldnt take any more of the series and stopped reading. Oh, I hate those books, I say, before I could stop myself. Really? Why? he asks. I mean, its not that theyre badly written or anything. Considering the quality of teen lit out there, this is probably one of the more well-written books you could give to a teenage girl. (I do not think the series is well-written at all. I was not lying when I told this man what I thought. Take this as an insight into the overall quality of teen-girl-oriented novels currently in print.) I just think its not very empowering, you know? Its got a main character who absolutely fawns over this guy and sets everything else aside in favor of him, which is about as antifeminist as you can get. He looks at me as if he is all about the antifeminism, so long as it stops his little girl from having sex. I am digging a hole for myself. Not that Id rather have teen girls reading so-called feminist books with sex all over the place, I mean! But these books, Im, um, saying well, theyre also not a very good example, just in a totally opposite way. A woman on the other side of the display chimes in with, Theyre not all that realistic. Unrealistic! Thats the word! He glares at me, probably convinced Im an ultra-promiscuous feminazi out to convert innocent thirteen-year-olds to fellow godless heathens. I have to go, I say, and shuffle into the Self-Help Section before I can do further damage. My wordfilter along with my eloquence has significantly deteriorated since coming to college. I used to chide my friends for being completely tactless at the worst possible moments. Ive been doing the same thing to my mom for even longer, as she is one of maybe three people in the world more outspoken than I am. It looks like I am turning into my mother. The prospect thereof may or may not terrify me. I think I meant to wax nostalgic about my semester when I sat down to write this post, but clearly thats not going to happen now one of my grades still hasnt been posted, so it doesnt feel like this term is really over yet. Also, I dont feel like it anymore. Instead, here are some blurry pictures insights into our lives, or some other fluffy phrase of the illustrious residents of Senior Haus being upside down. (Is that obscene? I dont think so. Really, though. Is it?) being right side up. being fierce. being inchworms. being out of Popsicles. (okay, I dont actually know whats going on here.) See you on the other side of the semester, when Ill probably go ahead with the waxing nostalgic thing. Or, you know, not.

The Timeless Truths of Homers Iliad - 1784 Words

James Hutchinson Ms. Spicer AP Literature 20 August 2010 Homers Timeless Truths Is Homers The Iliad relevant to todays society? Is this work a timeless parable depicting universal human truths transcending time and context or merely a superbly-crafted epic poem to be studied and admired for its stylistic brilliance? Has the text endured simply because of Homers dramatic verse or because of the timeless human truths it conveys? Was it written to persuade readers to question the moral implications and savagery of war or simply to provide provocative entertainment? These questions have been posed for centuries yet rarely have been sufficiently answered. However, an astute student of contemporary politics, media, and entertainment†¦show more content†¦The arrogant, manipulative gods pulling strings from their plush thrones on Mount Olympus bring to mind modern-day politicians. They can be seen as archetypes of todays detached bureaucrats. Zeus and his fellow gods dispassionately toy with mortals, watching with amusement as they cut one another down on the blood-soaked battlefield of windy Troy. Shamelessly, like merciless puppeteers, they create tension between the mortals for their own personal entertainment, with little regard for the inevitable mayhem and carnage that ensues. Indeed, the ten-year conflict at Troy is indirectly sparked by the vain goddess Aphrodites desire to be recognized as the â€Å"fairest† beauty among the goddesses, yet as soon as the fighting begins, she pleads neutrality. Similarly, Zeus himself shows little concern for the rampant slaughter among mortals taking place on his watch, even though initially he aids Achilles in his revenge against the Greeks. More than a few critics of the current wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have decried the dispassionate way in which U.S. â€Å"chickenhawk† non-combatants such as George Bush, Dick Cheney, and now Barack Obama have heartlessly made â€Å"strategic military decisions† from the safe environs of the White House that have had mortal consequenc es for U.S. troops on the front lines in Kabul and Baghdad. For many observers, the U.S. political elite bears more than slight resemblance to the gods ofShow MoreRelatedSocrates And Achilles1466 Words   |  6 Pagesthis particular example does not highlight a similarity between Socrates and Achilles, it is extremely effective in arguing Socrates’ case to the jury. Socrates proved time and time again that his calling in life was to philosophize and pursue the truth. Even with the threat of death looming above him, Socrates refused to falter in his conviction that knowledge and learning should be held in highest esteem. In one fell swoop, Socrates both implies that the jury should recognize his intellectual teachingsRead More Sport, Education, and the Meaning of Victory Essay examples3416 Words   |  14 Pageswin fair and square sometimes see the moral victory and the lions share of admiration awarded to a losing competitor. Our conception of a winner runs much deeper than the ability to fulfill the analytic definition of victory in sport. In Homers Iliad (XXIII, 823-880), there is an account of a foot race at Patroclus funeral games in which the goddess Athena chooses her favorite Odysseus as the winner of the race and ensures his victory by having his younger opponent Ajax slip and fall in someRead MoreEssay on The Odyssey21353 Words   |  86 Pageswife of Menelaus and the cause of the Trojan War. Helens portrayal is more striking than that of Menelaus. She is back with Menelaus at Sparta, happy and at peace, having learned from her sufferings. The tenderness which she possesses in The Iliad is turned to new purposes here in The Odyssey. Antinous - the most vociferous and proud of the suitors. He plots Telemachus death and often leads the suitors in their mistreatment of Odysseus and his household. Eurymachus - another outspoken

Risks Profile And Hedging Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1386 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Risk Essay Did you like this example? F J Benjamin Holdings Ltd listed on the Singapore Exchange on 14 November 1996, founded in 1959 headquarters in Singapore and it has offices in nine cities with more than 2000 employees. This Company is one of the leaders in building and management, and development system of retail and distribution networks for international luxury and lifestyle brands across Asia. The company participates in importing, exporting, licensing, distribution and retailing of consumer fashion wear and accessories household furnishing, timepieces, eyewear and multimedia storage product and operation of cafes and entertainment outlets. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risks Profile And Hedging Example For Free" essay for you Create order Especially, FJ Benjamin has four main segments is Luxury and Lifestyle Fashion Retailing and Distribution such as: Banana Republic, Gap and Givenchy..Timepiece Distribution such as: Bell Ross, Chronotech and DeWitt. Creative and Design such as Raoul and Investing in Lifestyle Concepts. Companys information analysis 2.1 Scenario of FJ Benjamin In FJ Benjamin Holdings Ltds wants to growth its portfolio by expanding business on Europe and the United States. In first of 2013, the company has some investment project to opened store located in Malaysia with required amount of SGD$ 15 million initial capital. FJ Benjamin needs more capital to implement these projects by borrowing SGD$ 10 million from bank for long-term loan for 5 year. To running and remaining new store in Singapore, in first of February 2013 FJ Benjamin need to imports 10milion luxury fashion wear of Cà ©line brand from French with due date at first of March . When order is accepted the company submit Trust Receipt to bank as a short term loan. At the due date, Bank on behalf of FJ Benjamin payoff 10 million for exporter. 2.2 Financial information analysis About general financial situation of FJ Benjamin, based on annual reported for 2011/2012, FJ Benjamin Holdings Ltd. reached $ 393,237,000 turnover in 2012. In 2011, turnover increased 22 % to $353.9 million from $289.4 million. In 2012, companys operating profit was $ 22,046,000 and in 2011 reached $ 18,102,000 increase $3,944,000. Profit before tax was $19,670,000 compared to $17,042,000 a year ago. Net profit after tax rose 55% to $12.8 million from $8.3 million last year. Operating profit strengthened to $18.3 million from $5.1 million in FY 2010. Gross margins rose to 43 % from 41% in the previous financial year. Cost-to-revenue ratio improved to 39% from 42%. Based on all financial information mention above, it reflects that the quality of the business has improved and become more stable in 3 years ago. In Financial ratio analysis: Return On Equity (ROE) (%) of FJ Benjamin in 2012 was 10.13% increase 0.3% compared 2011 was 9.71%. The return on equity evaluated a FJ Benja mins profitability by showing how much profit it generates with the amount shareholders have invested. Debt Ratio of this company in last 3 year was approximately 80% in 2012, 72 % in 2011 and 2010. Debt ratio increase 8% from 2010 to 2012 mean that FJ Benjamin has very high debt ratio. Current Ratio is used to measure the ability to pay short-term debts of the FJ Benjamin. Generally acceptable current ratio is from 1 to 2. During last 3 year, FJ Benjamins current ratio was above 1.5. However, from 2010 to 2012 this ratio was decrease significantly. Net profit Ratio Companys Risks Profile and Hedging 3.1 Internal risk In fashion industry, business risk is a risk totally can occur with any group if they do not have a risk management strategy correctly. Business risk is a risk that FJ Benjamin might have to face. The FJ Benjamin is belonging to fashion industry. Therefore, Benjamins revenues are affected directly by consumer sentiment and purchasing power as well as changing on trend of fashion and lifestyle trends. Especially, competitors also is a risk might affect to Benjamin because a lot of new brands are opened and growth quickly today. In the other words, customer satisfaction is most importance to increase profit and ability to meet customers need is a first mission of this company to against with this risk as well as increasing competitor opportunities. 3.2 External risk The Company has to face with a lot of risks arising from its operations from that Fj Benjamin uses of financial instruments to against all these risk. The main External risks include credit risk, currency exchange risk, interest rate risk and liquidity risk. Credit Risk: Credit risk is the risk of loss that can occur on financial instruments should a partners default or non-performance on its obligations. Especially, The Companys credit risk arises directly from trade and other debtors. Based on annual report, the trade and other receivables of FJ Benjamin shows that all its not past due, unimpaired and creditworthy debtors with very well payment record. Generally, amount of cash and fixed deposits are put in banks and financial institutions with good credit rating. In addition, FJ Benjamin use the ways to manages its credit risk by application of credit approvals, credit limits and monitoring procedures. However high debt ratio is a disadvantage of FJ Benjamin, it reflects that this company has many debts and possible to non performance or default. Foreign Exchange risk: FJ Benjamin is an import and export company so that it has a lot of transactional using foreign currency .The company import, export between Asias countries, US and EU and most of the groups overseas purchases by in Swiss Franc, US Dollar and the Euro. Therefore, FJ Benjamin maybe face with foreign exchange risk when exchange rate movement. The FJ Benjamin always find out the ways to maintain a natural hedge by keeping the balance of liabilities against assets in the same currency or against the entitys functional currency. In order to reduce the companys exposure to foreign currency fluctuations, FJ Benjamin used foreign currency forward contracts based on purchase commitments for periods ranging from three to six months forward to minimize this risk. Liquidity Risk: Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not meet financial obligations at maturity date because of not enou gh of funds. Although in 3 years ago the company has enough current assets to meet the payment schedule of current liabilities with a margin of safety. However, current ratio in 2012 fall meaning is amount of liabilities increase more than 2 years ago and current assets decrease in 2012 lead to level of liquidity risk may be increase in the near future. But FJ Benjamin manages its liquidity risk by maintaining a healthy balance of cash and cash equivalents and an sufficient amount of committed credit facilities. Moreover, follow annual report of 2012, the Company assessed the level of risk with respects to refinancing its debt and concluded it to be low. Approaching to sources of funding is enough and available and debt maturing within 12 months can be rolled over with existing lenders. Interest Rate Risk Interest rate risk is the risk that the value of cash flows of the company in the future and all companys financial instruments will go up or go down without predictable beca use of changes in market interest rates. With the FJ Benjamin also may face with this risk and relates to amount of borrowing which is subject to floating interest rates and are re-priced at intervals of less than 1 year. Recommendation FJ Benjamins earnings remained resilient despite the European debt crisis; this company still is leader by strong brand portfolio and growing in the ASEAN economies. Looking at business result in last 3 year, almost signal are good. However, FJ Benjamins financial still exists some problems and risk can be occurring with this business. With high ROE indicates that all investment project of this company can recover capital and gain profit in the future With debt ratio too high that reflects that the company has much debt and bank borrowing than their equity. Bank has to consider very carefully before lending to this company and high interest rate to cover credit risk. Then company needs to provide more collateral and margin account to ensure that can pay off the loans. However,. Conclusion In sum up, FJ Benjamin is a good company in Fashion Industry in around the world. This Company is more and more developed with stable and solid business. Company is assessed that which will become a most successful and has new prospect in the future. Although, looking at business result in last 3 year, almost signal are good. Besides that, FJ Benjamin Appendix Current ratio: Current Assets /  Current Liabilities Year 2010 2011 2012 Current Assets 192,846 212,857 209,940 Current Liabilities 95,264 121,998 127,998 Current ratio 2.024332 1.744758 1.640182 Return on Equity (ROE ): (Net Income/Shareholders Equity) x 100 Year 2010 2011 2012 Net Income 8,260 12,770 13,541 Shareholders Equity 137,209 131,458 133,607 Return on Equity (ROE ) % 6.02% 9.71% 10.13% Debt Ratio: (Total Liabilities /  Shareholders Equity) x 100 Year 2010 2011 2012 Total Liabilities 76,385 80,752 85,907 Shareholders Equity 105,684 111,667 106,819 Debt Ratio (%) 80% 72.3 % 72.2% Net profit Ratio: (Net Profit / Net Sales  ) x 100 Year 2010 2011 2012 Net Profit 8,260 12,770 13,541 Net Sales 295,386 360,003 403,281 Net profit Margin 2.8 % 3.56% 3.36%

Study of the 2009 Influenza H1N1 emergence Pandemic Free Essays

Introduction Pandemic influenza is an epidemic of infectious disease that can spread among human population across the world. Its first appearance was in 1918 (Spanish Influenza H1N1), where it caused an epizootic outbreak in swine causing the most devastating and terrifying pandemic in history. Pandemic influenza H1N1 was then re-emerged again in 2009 (Swine Flu). We will write a custom essay sample on Study of the 2009 Influenza H1N1 emergence Pandemic or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the World Health Organization (WHO) several factors must be present to be considered a pandemic such as: infected droplets released into the air and breathed in by others or close contact with infected pigs. Swine influenza is caused by Influenza A virus, which belongs to family orthomyxoviridae. They are pleomorphic-enveloped viruses therefore Influenza viruses are named based on the major surface antigens: Hemagglutinins (HA) and Neuraminidase (N). Neuraminidase is an enzyme that is responsible for releasing the progeny virus from infected cells, by cleaving sugar molecules that bind to the virus. By contrast, hemagglutinin is a lectin that mediates binding of the virus to the host cell and entry of the viral genomes into the host cell. Overall, there are at least 16 different HA subtypes named H1 through H16. The first three hemagglutinins, H1, H2, and H3 are the main HA subtypes present in Influenza viruses. It is important to understand the emergence of 2009 pandemic influenza, for which one has to recognize its genetic origins. Influenza A viruses are composed of a protein-studded coat that surrounds a genome made up of eight single-stranded RNA segments (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, NA, MP and NS). These RNA segments of pandemic 2009 have resulted from co-mingling of genomes from two influenza viruses- N. American H1N1 and Eurasian swine H1N1. This concept helps to explain how viral genetic re-assortment has resulted in the emergence of the pandemic strain, with a mixture of swine, human and avian influenza viruses. One would predict that changes in the genetic makeup of this virus requires us to develop new vaccines on an annual basis to attempt to prevent this virus especially in those that are elderly or chronically ill, since for them, influenza can be extremely fatal. According to CDC (Centers for disease control and prevention) epidemiological data indicates that elder people (65 years) tend to be less affected by H1N1 virus. Perhaps this explains the age-related pre-existing immunity. Figure 1- shows age groups most affected by the H1N1 influenza reported to CDC in the United States from April 15 to July 24, 2009.As can be seen, the number of reported cases per 100,000 population was highest among individuals five to twenty-four years of age group (26.7 per 100,000). Recent research on the crystal structure of the HA from the pandemic virus A/California/04/2009 has revealed the similarity of the Sa antigenic site located on the hemagglutinin molecule, in particular, of the 2009 H1N1 virus with the early 1918 human H1 viruses. Exposure to older viruses circulating from 1918 through the 1930’s or 1940’s are likely elicited 2D1-like antibodies that can cross-react with the 2009 viral protein HA. As a result individuals exposed to these viruses, now over the age of 65 have some protection from swine flu by antibodies originally elicited more than 50 years ago. Further research has shown that 2D1- antibody can bind to identical Sa antigenic site in the 1918 and 2009 pandemic and cross-neutralize both 1918 and 2009 pandemic viruses in vivo. Perhaps this provides a strong explanation for the age-related pre-existing immunity and the low levels of mortality rate in elder people, in the current H1N1 pandemic. Today in this 21st century, new advanced vaccines and antiviral drugs have been introduced to prevent this virus especially in those who are unable to produce immunity against Influenza viruses. Compare to the third world where only small proportion of people were fortunate to have vaccines as a safety precaution. Even then, 3% of the world’s population (1.8 billion people) at the timedied of the disease. Nowadays scientists and many health organizations such as CDC or WHO are intensely looking in to whether or not the same virus will strike again. They have the knowledge and the discipline to get the world ready. Recently, CDC recommended a seasonal flu vaccination (trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine) as the most important step in protection against influenza viruses. This seasonal influenza vaccination has been recommended for every individual from the age of 6months onwards as not only it protects against H3N2 virus but also Influenza B and H1N1 Influenza A virus. This proves that seasonal influenza vaccine can still be used to protect against various viruses including 2009 H1N1 Influenza and H3N2. Recent research on neutralising influenza antibodies also proves that seasonal influenza vaccine can lead to increase in the production of neutralizing antibodies up to 80%. But vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding H1N1 influenza (HA) and boosting with seasonal vaccine can stimulate a greater than 50 fold increase in neutralizing antibody than that produced by one does of seasonal vaccine alone or DNA alone. Conclusion The future impact of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is not yet possible to predict as to which strain will cause the next pandemic or epidemic. On the one hand, the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus is still expected to continue to circulate as a seasonal influenza strain. Due to this, more people will now develop immunity to this current version of the virus. Despite of that, the World Health Organization (WHO) has warned many countries including Africa and Asia to prepare for more devastating flu epidemics in the future. This concern has been promoted due to the possible mixture of swine flu viruses with seasonal strains during the winter months and can transform in impulsive ways. The best possible way for an individual to protect against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus and other influenza viruses is through defensive measures such as covering mouth when sneezing or coughing, good hygiene and vaccinations against H1N1 influenza virus when possible. How to cite Study of the 2009 Influenza H1N1 emergence Pandemic, Essay examples

Loftus and Palmer Study free essay sample

There are variables that may affect memory and recall. Aim How information provided after an event in the form of leading questions may effect peoples memories. Experiment 1 Participants 45 students from the University of Washington. Procedure Participants shown seven videos of car crashes ranging from 4 to 30 seconds long. The videos were excerpts from drivers ed courses so the researchers were aware of the speeds of the cars. The videos were shown to the participants in random order. After each video participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to give an account of the film they had seen. Then they were asked to answer some questions based on what they had seen. Results Verb|Mean Estimate. Smashed|40. 8, Collided|39. 3, Bumped|38. 1, Hit|34. 0, Contacted|31. 8. Discussion Loftus and Palmer argue that memories are based on two types of imformation: What we percieve at the time of the event and what we find out after the event. We will write a custom essay sample on Loftus and Palmer Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They argue that what they hear after the event can distort our memories. In this experiment loftus and palmer argue that two things can be happening: Distortion and Response Bias. Distortion: The verbed used may lead the participant to amend their memory. For example the word smashed may lead the participants to estimate the speed higher than it actually was. Response Bias: (a form of demand characteristics) The participants may not have been sure about the speed and so they may have adjusted their answer to fit the researchers expectations. In the above experiment the researchers were uncertain whether their prompts altered the participants memories or if it had led them to give a certain answer. The second experiment is to show that information provided after an event is capable of distorting memories. Experiment 2 Participants 150 students from the University of Washington. Procedure The participants were shown a short film of a multiple car crash, which lasted for one minute, though the action lasted for four seconds. The participants were split into three groups. The first group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The second group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group was the control group and were not asked about the speed of the cars. A week later the participants were recalled and asked some more questions about the film. Nine of these were filler questions. The critical question was: Did you see any broken glass? This question appeared randomly in the other question. (There was no broken glass in the film) Results The results supported that of the first experiment. The participants in the smashed condition overestimated the speed of the cars. The participants who reported seeing broken glass: Condition|% who answered yes. Smashed|32%, Hit|14%, Control|12%. Discussion The results suggest that the verb used affect memory altering their perception a week later. The word smashed incorporates broken glass in to their memories as the word smashed implies broken glass. Loftus and Palmer support the reconstructive memory hypothesis. They believe that information gathered at the time of an icident is altered by information gathered after an event. These two sources of information merge over time and it is impossible to seperate them. Evaluation ^ Strength control over confounding variables. The researchers could control age, incident viewed, environment etc. ^ The reconstructive memory hypothesis is useful in instances such as in formulating guidelines for police questioning of witnesses and suspects. x Ecological validity is a problem as a video is different to experiencing a real life car crash. In real life the crash would be unexpected and there would be more emotional involvement which would effect recall. The sample was of students from the same place and studying at the same level. They may have wanted to please the senior members and their memory capacity may not have been the same as that of the general population. They may be better at memorising or they werent bothered with remembering something as trivial as this. x Some psychologists have critiscised Loftus and Palmers conclusions. They argue that we have no way of knowing that the memory has been distorted. (taken from:http://selene. wordpress. com /2006/04/02/loftus-and-palmer/) Loftus and Palmer Study free essay sample There are variables that may affect memory and recall. Aim How information provided after an event in the form of leading questions may effect peoples memories. Experiment 1 Participants 45 students from the University of Washington. Procedure Participants shown seven videos of car crashes ranging from 4 to 30 seconds long. The videos were excerpts from drivers ed courses so the researchers were aware of the speeds of the cars. The videos were shown to the participants in random order. Results Verb|Mean Estimate. Smashed|40. 8, Collided|39. 3, Bumped|38. 1, Hit|34. 0, Contacted|31. 8. Discussion Loftus and Palmer argue that memories are based on two types of imformation: What we percieve at the time of the event and what we find out after the event. They argue that what they hear after the event can distort our memories. In this experiment loftus and palmer argue that two things can be happening: Distortion and Response Bias. Distortion: The verbed used may lead the participant to amend their memory. We will write a custom essay sample on Loftus and Palmer Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example the word smashed may lead the participants to estimate the speed higher than it actually was. Response Bias: (a form of demand characteristics) The participants may not have been sure about the speed and so they may have adjusted their answer to fit the researchers expectations. In the above experiment the researchers were uncertain whether their prompts altered the participants memories or if it had led them to give a certain answer. The second experiment is to show that information provided after an event is capable of distorting memories. Experiment 2 Participants 150 students from the University of Washington. Procedure The participants were shown a short film of a multiple car crash, which lasted for one minute, though the action lasted for four seconds. The participants were split into three groups. The first group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? The second group were asked: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other? The third group was the control group and were not asked about the speed of the cars. A week later the participants were recalled and asked some more questions about the film. Nine of these were filler questions. The critical question was: Did you see any broken glass? This question appeared randomly in the other question. (There was no broken glass in the film) Results The results supported that of the first experiment. The participants in the smashed condition overestimated the speed of the cars. The participants who reported seeing broken glass: Condition|% who answered yes. Smashed|32%, Hit|14%, Control|12%. Discussion The results suggest that the verb used affect memory altering their perception a week later. The word smashed incorporates broken glass in to their memories as the word smashed implies broken glass. Loftus and Palmer support the reconstructive memory hypothesis. They believe that information gathered at the time of an icident is altered by information gathered after an event. These two sources of information merge over time and it is impossible to seperate them. Evaluation ^ Strength control over confounding variables. The researchers could control age, incident viewed, environment etc. ^ The reconstructive memory hypothesis is useful in instances such as in formulating guidelines for police questioning of witnesses and suspects. x Ecological validity is a problem as a video is different to experiencing a real life car crash. In real life the crash would be unexpected and there would be more emotional involvement which would effect recall. The sample was of students from the same place and studying at the same level. They may have wanted to please the senior members and their memory capacity may not have been the same as that of the general population. They may be better at memorising or they werent bothered with remembering something as trivial as this. x Some psychologists have critiscised Loftus and Palmers conclusions. They argue that we have no way of knowing that the memory has been distorted.